SCHW

Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us for Schwab's 2026 Spring Business Update. This is Jeff Edwards, Head of Investor Relations, and I'm joined in Westlake this morning by our President and CEO, Rick Wurster, as well as our CFO, Mike Verdeschi. Let's jump right in today, and hopefully everyone had a chance to review our earnings release that crossed the wires earlier this morning. Per the usual, slides for today's business update will be posted to the IR website at the conclusion of today's prepared remarks. We adhere to our one-question policy during Q&A, and as always, the IR team is available to assist with any questions following today's update. Finally, the obligatory wall of words, or perhaps more widely known as the forward-looking statements page, which reminds us that outcomes may differ from expectations, so please stay up to date with our disclosures.

With that, I'll turn it over to Rick.

Thank you, Jeff, and good morning. Thank you for joining us for our spring business update. I hope you walk away from the call this morning with three overarching messages. One, our Through Clients' Eyes strategy drove record client growth and financial results in the Q1. Two, Schwab is delivering for clients and is uniquely capable of meeting client needs across investor types and investment environments. Three, we are innovating at a rapid pace with tangible progress in AI, digital assets, and client capabilities and experiences. Our Through Clients' Eyes strategy continues to drive results with strong growth across all fronts in the Q1. Clients remain highly engaged, and they continue to turn to Schwab through volatile and uncertain markets. Clients opened 1.3 million brokerage accounts, up 10% over last year.

Excluding a one-time mutual fund clearing outflow, we attracted $158 billion in core net new assets, a first-quarter record that brings total client assets to $11.8 trillion. March was our second highest month of NNA ever, behind only December of 2021. Clients continue to turn to us for more of their financial lives, with strong engagement in our wealth and lending solutions. Managed investing net flows were up 46%, reaching an all-time record. Bank lending was up 29% year-over-year, with bank product balances and Pledged Asset Line balances reaching all-time records. We supported a record 9.9 million daily average trades. This engagement led to record financial results, with revenues up 16% and adjusted earnings per share a record $1.43, up nearly 40% over last year.

Behind those numbers are people of all life stages who are turning to Schwab to invest and trade through a period of heightened market volatility. In the Q1, we continued to execute across our key strategic focus areas and deliver innovations at a fast pace to help clients grow and protect their wealth. I'll highlight just a few, starting with growth. We're continuing to hire financial consultants and wealth advisors while expanding our branch footprint with about a dozen new branches planned for 2026. When clients have a direct relationship with a financial consultant, their Client Promoter Scores increase 10 points and they trust Schwab with 2.4 times more net new assets. We launched the Schwab Teen Investor account, giving young people ages 13 to 17 an engaging way to get started on their lifelong investing journey.

Our differentiated joint account structure allows parents to monitor and engage as needed as their teens trade and invest. We are still in the early days but have seen great interest and enthusiasm so far. We believe it is important for teenagers to learn the benefits of saving and investing, the merits of compounding over time, and to differentiate our messaging from the more gambling-oriented messaging from some competitors. We completed the acquisition of Forge, which will allow us to provide clients with direct and indirect access to shares of pre-IPO companies through direct private share purchases, single company funds, and multi-company funds. We'll roll these capabilities out to clients over time and look forward to sharing more details in the months ahead.

We are building a healthy pipeline in our recently launched Private Issuer Equity Services, which offers capital table management solutions for pre-IPO companies that combines the expertise and capabilities of our workplace business with Qapita's flexible technology and offers a seamless transition to our public stock plan services capability. With the Forge transaction now closed, we continue to see upside in engaging the private market ecosystem with a solution that offers them pre-IPO stock plan services, liquidity solutions for their employees and equity holders, and lending solutions for their employees. This win-win opportunity creates value for the issuer while creating a pipeline of stock plan services clients and greater access to private company shares to grow Forge. We also increased our strategic investment in wealth.com, which we are already using to bring AI-powered estate planning tools to our clients.

We're also working to launch their AI-powered tax planning capability in the near future. We successfully began the rollout of our Pledged Asset Line offering to advisor clients, expanding the type of securities they can use as collateral, including alternative investments. We'll talk more about our AI progress in a moment, which is helping us drive both growth and scale and efficiency. When it comes to brilliant basics, we were there for our clients in the Q1. We supported over 600 million trades, more than 7.8 million calls to our service centers, and about 570 million digital logins, up about 12% from the Q1 of last year. Clients reaching out to our service centers had their calls answered in less than 30 seconds on average. We're also making it easier for our clients to do business at Schwab.

In advisor services, we're continuing to enhance our digital experiences across RIA workflows like move money, account open, and account maintenance, while also modernizing tools on our advisor platform. Taken together, these enhancements help RIAs get routine work done faster and with fewer errors. We're also continuing to enhance our digital experience across the retail and workplace ecosystem, including expanding our digital experiences and bringing workplace onto Schwab Mobile. Most importantly, we continue to delight our clients. Client Promoter Scores are up nine points over last year in investor services, nearing all-time highs. Our AS&E score also remains near an all-time high. Our capabilities are differentiated and aligned to support clients in all markets, including the more volatile environment that we experienced in Q1. Our formula for driving earnings growth over the long term is straightforward, and you see it here on the screen.

I want to spend a few minutes highlighting just a few of the ways we are accelerating our pace of innovation to deliver for clients and drive our strategy as we look ahead. We have a diverse set of opportunities to deepen relationships with our 47 million client accounts while also diversifying our revenue streams. I'll spotlight two areas where we are helping clients conduct more of their financial lives at Schwab, wealth and digital assets. Flows into our managed investing solutions reached all-time highs. This was driven by strong engagement with our flagship wealth offer, Schwab Wealth Advisory, where net flows reached a record $10 billion, up 90% over last year. Approximately 30% of the flows into our managed investing solutions came from legacy Ameritrade clients.

Clients in our managed investing solutions have the highest client promoter scores at the firm and bring in approximately two times the revenue on client assets. We still have runway to grow this business as our clients' financial lives become more complex and we continue to add to our capabilities to help clients grow, protect, and pass along their wealth. Another way we will deepen relationships with clients is with Schwab Crypto, our new spot crypto offer. I'm excited to share that the employee pilot is underway and we expect a phased client rollout will begin in the coming weeks. We are starting with the two most popular coins, Bitcoin and Ether, which together represent approximately three-quarters of the crypto market. Pricing will be competitive at 75 basis points on the dollar value of each trade.

We plan to add additional cryptocurrencies to the platform over time, as well as transfer capabilities for both deposits and withdrawals, allowing clients with existing digital assets to bring them to Schwab alongside their other investments. Most importantly, we are launching our spot crypto offer the Schwab way, with the powerful combination of education, research, risk management, and service, all at great value. Finally, I want to spend a few minutes diving into how artificial intelligence is accelerating our strategy and the fast pace at which we are launching impactful AI capabilities. I want to start by highlighting three points. One, Schwab is already an AI-enabled company. We have been using machine learning and AI capabilities for years and have made recent progress launching new AI capabilities.

Just as we have embraced and flourished during other periods of seismic technology change, we are doing the same now, benefiting from our massive scale, data, and technological prowess. Two, AI will accelerate our strategy. On the growth front, AI opens up new distribution channels and allows us to create personalized relationships with clients we have not been able to serve with a person-to-person relationship. AI is already having significant impact in driving scale and efficiency, both in our technology and operations and in the way we serve clients. Three, we are harnessing the power of AI in the Schwab way, bringing the best of people and technology and allowing clients to engage the way they prefer. AI is accelerating our strategy in several ways. First, AI will help fuel our ability to serve more clients.

As prospects and clients increasingly use consumer AI tools for research, we are making sure Schwab will be there, providing the trusted education and expertise that we already bring to clients on other digital channels today. We are already reaching a growing number of clients through the Answer Engine Optimization work that our marketing team is doing to ensure we show up on the AI platforms where investors are turning. We are working with these platforms now, and you'll see us do even more. AI will help us with our second growth lever, deepening existing client relationships. AI can help us create personalized and deeper relationships with the clients we can't currently serve at scale with one-to-one relationships. We know investors are using AI today. 77% of U.S. investors use AI today, though more than 90% still prefer human involvement in addition to AI.

Next month, we will begin the rollout of Portfolio Insights, an AI-enabled experience that will deliver tailored insights to our clients about their investment portfolios, how they are performing relative to indices, the news about their holdings, and the relevant proprietary research from Schwab. We have already tested this capability with employees. We will expand these capabilities throughout 2026, providing clients with insights on topics like concentration risk, asset allocation, and technical indicators. We will also be launching a generative search capability for clients looking for information on schwab.com. The first iteration will launch this year. Starting over the summer, we will introduce the first of several AI assistants that will enable our clients to interact with chat and voice to address their most frequent service and support needs. Our first iteration of the Investor AI Assistant will launch in June.

This capability will be able to answer general questions, and we will start to test a set of actions the agent can take on behalf of clients. For example, clients will be able to interact with the voice agent to set beneficiaries. We're ensuring clear handoffs to human agents and strict guardrails. This agent and others like it will get smarter with each release as we introduce new skills. We are working with a leading AI agent firm on this build-out and look forward to sharing more details soon. We are also now able to meet our clients' trust needs with an AI-powered capability from Wealth.com. We will do the same with tax. Over time, these efforts will create opportunities for enhanced experiences and new fee-based offers that will create value we believe our clients will be willing to pay for.

According to research, more than half of our clients are willing to pay for AI financial tools. AI is already driving scale and efficiency in two ways. First, it is helping us drive productivity across the firm. Every one of our sales, service, and advice professionals is using AI every day to elevate every interaction they have with clients. A few examples. Schwab Knowledge Assistant gives our phone professionals answers to complex client questions in seconds, and Schwab Research Assistant synthesizes market insights from the Schwab Center for Financial Research. Schwab AI Service Assistant, which we've rolled out in retail and will follow in Advisor Services, instantly transcribes approximately 60,000 live interactions a day, captures notes, and assists client-facing professionals with next steps. Within Advisor Services, we've introduced large language models to analyze millions of calls to provide better coaching to our service professionals.

In our branches, we are launching a relationship management assistant. If an FC has a client meeting coming up, this capability quickly summarizes past client interactions using AI, shares a view on actions that would help the client, records the client meeting, and prepares an action-based summary of the meeting for the client. We believe this tool will make our financial consultants more productive and able to serve more clients more deeply and more effectively. Second, AI is helping us transform how employees work. We have equipped every one of our 33,000 employees with AI tools and are seeing tremendous creativity as they are developing fluency in AI and embracing the ways it can transform how we work. We are accelerating the pace at which our Schwab engineers build technology.

More than 8,000 of our technologists are using AI to design, code, test, and fix bugs, all of which increases our speed. We are streamlining back-office processes and operations risk and across the firm to save time and resources. We are confident that we're incredibly well-positioned to continue unlocking the benefits AI can bring to our clients and our business, including, one, enhancing the client experience by bringing personalized insights to more clients at scale and serving more clients more efficiently. Two, increasing productivity and efficiency, which will lower our cost to serve while enabling us to continue to reinvest in our growth. Three, creating future monetization opportunities with AI-powered capabilities that clients value. The outcome is AI is accelerating our through-client size strategy to help us drive profitable growth through the cycle.

I look forward to sharing more detail with all of you at our Institutional Investor Day on May 14th, including demos of some of the AI capabilities that we'll launch soon. To summarize, we have strong momentum as we head into the Q2, and we're well-positioned to deliver earnings growth through the cycle. With that, I'll turn it to Mike to speak more in detail on our financial picture.

Thank you, Rick, and good morning, everyone. During today's call, I will discuss our strong start to 2026, where our sustained business momentum drove record financial results for the Q1. In addition, I'll cover our disciplined approach to managing the balance sheet, which allows us to support the evolving needs of our clients across different environments. Lastly, I'll highlight how by doing more for our clients across our platform, including the continued deployment of AI, enables Schwab's model to become even stronger and more diversified, allowing us to provide individual investors and RIAs with an industry-leading value proposition. Starting with Q1, revenue increased 16% year-over-year to a record $6.5 billion for Q1, including another quarter of double-digit year-over-year growth across all major line items.

The reduction of higher cost borrowings at the banks, increased utilization of our lending solutions by clients, and interest in long-short strategies helped drive a 16% increase in net interest revenue versus Q1 2025. While equity markets were increasingly volatile over the course of the quarter, strong asset gathering and client interest in Schwab's wealth and asset management offerings drove 15% year-over-year growth in asset management and administration fees to a record $1.8 billion. Trading revenue for the quarter was up 20% versus Q1 2025 as our best-in-class retail trading platform supported record levels of engagement, including 9.9 million daily average trades. Bank deposit account fees also increased 20% year-over-year due to an improved net yield as lower yielding fixed rate obligations continue to mature and convert into higher yields across both the floating and fixed rate buckets. Moving on to expenses.

Adjusted expenses for Q1 grew 5% year-over-year, reflecting Q1 seasonality and strong client engagement across our trading, wealth, and banking solutions. We also continue to invest to support our key strategic initiatives, including organic growth, new products, AI opportunities, and ongoing scale and efficiency efforts. Record quarterly revenue, combined with balanced expense management, resulted in an adjusted pre-tax profit margin of 51.4%, and Q1 adjusted earnings per share reached a record $1.43, a year-over-year increase of 38%. Transitioning to the balance sheet, we continued to support our clients' evolving needs as they navigated a challenging environment in Q1 2026. Demand for our bank lending solutions remained strong as total bank loan balances grew to $61 billion, up 29% from Q1 2025 and 5% versus the prior year end.

Client margin loan balances ended the quarter at nearly $127 billion, up 13% from year-end 2025 levels, reflecting continued interest in certain long-short strategies as well as increased trading-related margin balances despite a pullback in activity during the month of March. We also continue to utilize the combination of our interest rate hedge programs and investment portfolio to match off our assets and liabilities, enabling us to efficiently maintain a more modest asset-sensitive position. Client cash followed typical seasonal trends to begin the year. However, as volatility increased during the back half of the quarter, clients took a slightly more defensive posture, which in conjunction with the cash build from organic growth and the long-short strategies contributed to $25 billion of cash inflows during the month of March, resulting in an $8 billion sequential quarter increase in client transactional sweep cash.

For the Q2, we still anticipate the typical drawdown in client cash due to tax payments in April. Similar to past years, we expect this activity to impact both transactional sweep cash as well as other liquid cash alternatives such as money market funds. Beyond seasonal considerations, continued market volatility could influence client cash allocations. Lastly, in line with our stated principles, we continue to prioritize flexibility in managing the balance sheet to remain well-positioned to navigate a wide range of environments. Capital levels remain strong with our Adjusted Tier-One Leverage Ratio finishing the quarter within our 6.75%-7% objective range. Our adjusted ratio of 6.8% reflects a 19% increase in our common stock dividend, the repurchase of common shares for $2.4 billion during the Q1 and sequential growth in the balance sheet.

Q1 2026 represented a strong start to the year, with growth on all fronts, including healthy organic growth, record client trading activity, as well as robust engagement across our broader suite of modern wealth solutions, which we converted into record revenue and earnings. Given our strong performance in Q1 and based on what we see today in terms of the expected path of rates and strong client engagement, we are tracking higher than the $5.70-$5.80 EPS range implied by the scenario we shared back at the winter business update in January, which excluded the impact of buybacks and Forge. We'll provide a more comprehensive update on our full 2026 financial scenario at the next business update in July. Finally, before we move on to Q&A, I wanted to take a moment to build on Rick's AI comments, specifically the conversation relating to cash.

There are three key points to remember. One, Schwab provides an industry-leading value proposition to individual investors and RIAs. Two, with help from Schwab, our clients are actively managing their cash allocations. And three, Schwab's ability to help clients with more of their financial lives enhances the flexibility of our client-driven model. First, the overall value of Schwab's platform. We have created an exceptional offering in the marketplace that is highly trusted and valued by individual investors and RIAs, which has led to approximately 47 million total accounts and investors entrusting us with approximately $12 trillion in total client assets. Clients value our firm's focus on helping them build and manage their wealth while providing all of these services at highly attractive all-in costs for them.

Second, we provide a broad suite of cash management solutions that offer clients a range of products with different features to help meet their diverse needs. We also proactively seek to raise awareness around the cash options available on the platform and efficiently enable them to move between the various options with as little as one click of a button. At the same time, independent RIAs continue to help their end clients manage their portfolio allocations, including cash, to help meet their individual financial goals. Today, this has resulted in total cash levels running around 10% of client assets, with transactional cash allocated at about a 4% level or approximately $10,000 per account. As we see demand for new products or capabilities for cash, you would expect us to deliver those to our clients.

Importantly, given how easy we have made it for clients to move their cash between different solutions and based on the trends observed over the past few years, client cash is actively allocated today. To the extent additional efficiencies are enabled down the line, the broader evolution of the platform enables continued flexibility in managing our economics. Finally, as Rick noted, we view the emergence of artificial intelligence as a tailwind to Schwab's strategy. By continuing to put clients first, Schwab's platform has built up immense flexibility. Our model is informed by investors' preferences for lower explicit fees without sacrificing product access, convenience, or service. To the extent those preferences change at some point in the future, Schwab has a lot of flexibility to continue supporting investors and RIAs in the way they have come to expect from us, while still delivering strong returns for stockholders.

With that, Jeff, let's move on to Q&A.

Operator, could you please remind everyone how to ask a question?

Thank you. We will now begin our question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one. Please press star two if you would like to withdraw your question. Again, that is star one to ask a question. Our first question comes from Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning, and thank you, Rick and Mike, for taking my question. Wanted to ask on the outlook for NIM and cash growth, just recognizing the backdrop in March was anything but normal. Entering the year, you spoke to a low 290s exit rate on the NIM. It also contemplated modest IEA growth. At the time you laid out the guidance, the forward curve at multiple cuts, we were anchoring to a lower 10-year. Given the evolving rate backdrop, how does that inform both the NIM outlook exiting this year as well as expectations for IEA growth in a higher for longer backdrop?

Hi. Good morning, Steven. Thank you for the question. Certainly, it's been a favorable environment in terms of that client engagement in the Q1. As you highlighted during the winter business update, when we laid out our financial scenario, that included 2 rate cuts. I think there was a June and September rate cut there. Looking at the forward curve now, perhaps the market is anticipating no cuts. That is more favorable for us. At the same time, when you look at cash, we had a good Q1 for cash. Typically, over the course of the year, you will see that seasonality play a factor, certainly in Q2. Stepping back, we're expecting the continued upward trajectory of cash being driven by organic growth.

We think over the course of the year, certainly favorable, where the lack of rate cuts perhaps, as well as the strong client engagement, both bringing us new assets and cash with that, but also on the asset side, as lending has remained robust. That will provide continued upward momentum. I feel good about the NIM growth, both what we had laid out in that scenario, but also perhaps some upside to that when we come back in July with a refresh of our financial scenario. We'll provide more details. Thanks for the question, Steven.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Ken Worthington with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Hi. Good morning, everyone. ETFs have been an area of strong asset growth for Schwab, and it seems like the economics of the value chain are shifting in favor of intermediaries. When we think about Schwab's approach to charging where value is provided and win-win monetization, how is Schwab thinking about its value as an ETF distribution platform? Is there a distinction that you'd make for that value when considering active ETFs versus passive ETFs?

Hi, Ken. Thanks for the question. We think there's value for us to be earned as it relates to ETFs, and we are actively working on that. We've been in negotiation with the 400+ asset managers or so that are on our platform. Those are going well. We've started with the big firms and knocked those out, so we feel really good about by the end of the year having a ETF monetization strategy in place and live. That's our current plan. Timing can always shift, but we're taking all the steps to make that happen. In terms of active versus passive, I think I would draw the distinction mainly on fees. The way we're thinking about it is as a percentage of the ETF fees, and so active strategies tend to have more higher fees versus passive, and so there'll be more of an economic opportunity there.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Bill Katz with TD Cowen. Your line is open.

Great. Thank you very much for taking the question this morning. A bit of a complicated question, but it looks to me like you are doing a better job of managing the interplay between balance sheet growth and capital return. With the Adjusted Tier-One Leverage Ratio sitting at 6.8%, sort of nicely nestled between your range that you sort of look to keep the firm at. As you look ahead, I guess the question is, how are you thinking about maybe the growth of earning assets, the remixing of that between lending and other higher-yielding opportunities versus capital return, certainly given a very strong now three quarters in a row of buyback? Thank you.

Hi, Bill. Thank you for the question. As we look out on the horizon, we feel good about the client engagement. As we said this morning, we've seen that across the board. As it pertains to some of that lending activity, we've seen good continued momentum in both that bank lending product certainly driven by the Pledged Asset Line. That of course, comes at a very healthy spread over above what we could earn on just leaving it in cash or allocating it to securities. That's been a good boost as well as margin lending. I think with the continued volatility in markets, we're seeing engagement across the board, but we feel good about that lending space as well.

Of course, as clients bring us more cash and as they keep cash on the sidelines, that is used to fund those lending activities very efficiently. We see that expansion of the balance sheet, it was modest in the quarter, but continue to be fueled by that client activity, which has certainly been accretive to the firm in terms of earnings and certainly accretive relative to capital. Now, with that, we continue to look at capital, and we prioritize capital for the growth of the franchise. It's going to be there to support our clients and their evolving needs. With strong earnings growth, it's given us flexibility as well to return capital across our framework. We increased the dividend in the Q1. Of course, over the course of the year, we'll have a look at those preferred securities that will become redeemable.

If we decide we wish to keep that form of capital in our capital stack, we'll evaluate the economics around leaving those preferred outstanding or perhaps redeeming them and replacing them or some portion. Of course, that leaves you then with buybacks. Again, given the ability to continue to have capital support the growth of the franchise as well as the strong earnings, we've had a lot of flexibility on capital. We feel good about how the client growth has been evolving and how we've been able to support that in quite an accretive way.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Brennan Hawken with BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Investors have been rather focused on an announcement that JPMorgan has made in rolling out a product to reduce the friction around brokerage cash. Are you considering similar tools? You spoke a lot in your prepared remarks about cash and continuing to innovate. How should investors be thinking about your flexibility in adjusting both to the competitive environment and to the realities of the economics of the business? Thanks.

Yeah. Brennan, thanks for the question. We've been trying to make it easy for clients to allocate their cash in the appropriate way for forever, really. We do lots to support that, whether it's our FCs proactively reaching out to clients.

Letting them know they have cash balances in Sweep Cash and understanding what their intention is for that cash and explaining other options. When someone logs in, a high proportion of the time, their first screen is, "Earn more on your cash at Schwab." Certainly, our advisors, as part of their fiduciary responsibility, are managing cash tightly. We've done everything we think to make it as easy as possible to optimize and be intentional about where your cash sits today. We feel good about that. The second thing I would say is there's a lot of reasons why when given the choice between cash options, clients are choosing to be in our Sweep Cash program. Number one, they needed to be able to move money around, to pay their bills, to afford their life.

We've got a couple hundred billion that move in and out of the firm every month in terms of cash. They needed to be able to trade. Over a two-day period, we trade roughly $300 billion of equities. There's cash needed to move to support that trading level. There are lots of reasons why we think clients have their cash intentionally allocated and why a big proportion of it is on the balance sheet. In terms of an agentic capability, we are launching an agentic capability this summer. It will have basic agentic capabilities to start with and take on a few tasks.

Over time, I expect that everything you can do at Schwab today by going and pointing and clicking to move around the website or through our mobile app, or most of it, will be able to be done through an agentic experience over time. Our launches will incrementally add to that over time. The one click it takes to move cash today may become an agentic experience over time. Now, if clients want their cash managed as part of a broader asset allocation, we think that would be a fee-based solution, and that's something that we will be prepared to offer as well. The final point I'd make on cash, in addition to the fact that we think clients have optimized and been intentional about their cash, is that we believe we have many ways to charge clients for the value we add, right?

Our Client Promoter Scores are at all-time highs. Clients love working with us. We offer a no trade-offs experience. In periods like we've just been through this last quarter, the clients really see the value of what we do. How we have charged our clients over time for that value proposition has changed. It used to be heavily reliant on commissions, and certainly, we've adapted our business to deal with a declining commissions environment. My views on this are really threefold. One, we think clients have been intentional about their cash, and we've tried to make it really easy. Two, we have agentic capabilities that will make everything at Schwab very easy. Three, we've got lots of flexibility in how we monetize at Schwab for the value that we provide.

We feel we're on strong footing and are incredibly excited about AI as an accelerant to our strategy, not as a headwind.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Brian Bedell with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks. Good morning, folks. Thanks for taking my question. If you could just zoom in on March a little bit more. I mean, very strong metrics in both NNA and transactional cash build. Any color around, first on the NNA, we've seen the advisor side grow faster than the retail side at Schwab for a while now. Any contribution from RIA conversions, bringing in new RIAs from wirehouses that would be sort of elevated in the month? And then on the deposit side, is it your sense that that deposit build is more due to risk off or potentially more due to your cash build ahead of tax payment season?

Thanks, Brian. Appreciate the question. March was an exceptional month of NNA. It was our second highest month of NNA ever, behind only December, which December is always seasonally strong. Outside of one December, it's the strongest month of growth we've seen in net new assets, which is really exciting to see. You mentioned the consistent strength we've had in Advisor Services. What's even more reassuring about March and more exciting is that Investor Services reached an all-time monthly high of net new assets and actually had higher net new assets in March than Advisor Services did. We saw strength really across the board, both in Investor Services and in Advisor Services. I think it's a reflection of our value proposition. In Advisor Services, we continue to have the leading custodial offer.

We say we're the Schwabiest choice, and I think that's becoming more and more true because we continue to invest in this business, make it easier for advisors to do business with us. We've rounded out our offering to them in terms of adding more lending capabilities, which they've wanted and now they're getting. We're launching and just recently launched a structured asset lending program, which has opened up advisors' ability to have their clients borrow against alternative investments, borrow against their restricted shares, private shares, things of that nature. Our advisors love that because historically, they've had to introduce a big bank to do that lending, and now they can keep that wealth relationship and do the lending through us. Our value proposition to advisors has never been stronger.

Importantly, the advisors continue to win in the marketplace. Because the fiduciary model works, because there's a bull market for advice and convenience, and the independent advisors have a great model. As they win and we're successful in supporting their growth, we win as well. On the retail side, I think, or on the investor services side, our growth is a combination of our value proposition, some engaging market that has clients interested in bringing assets to Schwab, and how we stand apart from some others in the industry. We're going through a period of heightened market volatility where what we do and the way we do it and the way we see through clients' eyes really stands out, and I think that's helped with our NNA. Mike, do you want to talk about cash?

Yes. Thanks, Rick. In terms of the cash, yes, Brian, we did see that good pickup in the month of March, and there were a few factors that caused that. As you highlighted, if you look at the quarter, it was really March where you began to see that decline in equity markets and that shift in sentiment. That certainly was a contribution to that pickup in cash that we saw late in the quarter. In addition, other activities such as that long-short strategy brought in some cash as well, but also with the strong net new assets over the course of the quarter and in particular in the month of March, that also served to bring us cash as well. Now, I don't know how much of that may have been related to tax.

I think the drivers that I described were more the primary drivers, but it may mean that cash was not put back into the market too quickly. If clients were selling, then that cash may have just remained on the sidelines and will go out for tax reasons in the month of April. As I said, in April, we're expecting and everything we're seeing so far is that normal tax season, where it's the combination of that transactional cash as well as money market funds contributing to those tax statements. Thank you for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Michael Cyprys with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. I just wanted to circle back to your comments around the cash sweep monetization and customers choosing to pay for services in part through a lower yield on cash. I was just curious how you monitor and assess the scope for changes in customer behavior and preferences around that, and how might the competitive landscape and technology advances maybe impact that? I was hoping you could maybe elaborate a bit more on if monetization evolves away from cash sweep. What might future monetization and potential levers look like at Schwab?

Thanks for the question, Michael, and I want to be clear before we get into how we would change our economics. We do not see this currently as a big risk. We believe our clients have intentionally allocated their cash, and we go out of our way to make it incredibly easy to make sure clients land in the right cash solution for them. There's lots of reasons, as I mentioned, why clients choose sweep cash in both our advisor business and our investor services business. That's point one. Point two, in terms of how it evolves, I think we have lots of levers to pursue. We make money in lots of different ways, and whether it's our trading, our wealth, our lending, potentially fee-based solutions that leverage these agentic AI capabilities, there's lots we can do.

If someone is going to want us to proactively move cash for them without them being involved in that movement, that is likely an advisory offer, and we charge for advisory offers and would for an agentic advisory offer. There are numerous ways, and listen, when I look at our company and where we stand and the value that we have, the 47 million clients that we have on our platform, I'm incredibly bullish about our ability to grow our revenue in any environment. We have built long-standing, deep relationships with clients that highly value what we do. Just as we figured it out as commissions went down, we'll figure it out if the economics change in this environment.

We're also very confident that we've gone out of our way to make sure our clients' cash is intentionally allocated and that we'll support them in any way they can with all of their business. It's important to remember that client cash is, I believe, less than 4% or so of overall relationships that clients have here. We're helping them on 100% of their financial life. There's lots of ways we're going to be able to monetize those relationships if things were to change.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Michael Brown with UBS. Your line is open.

Great. Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Wanted to ask about the digital asset offering here. So it's imminently coming, and I guess when you think about the strategic objective here, is it mainly retention? Is it focused on new asset gathering, higher engagement, or just kind of building a broader financial ecosystem? Then when you talked about maybe some assets coming over to Schwab, is there any way to kind of catalyze that movement to bring assets over and help individuals consolidate their digital assets onto Schwab?

Thanks for the question. In terms of why launch crypto. Number one, we always have stood for client choice, and we have many clients that want to invest in crypto and are investing in crypto through Schwab today, whether it's an ETP or a futures or a closed-end fund. They want exposure to crypto and they've wanted spot exposure, and now we'll be able to give it to them, and I couldn't be more excited about that. We're doing it in the Schwab way at a great value with lots of research and education around it. In terms of how to catalyze clients moving their crypto from their current provider to us, they've been begging us to launch this so they can move their crypto assets to us. I think they will proactively do that.

Certainly, our financial consultants will have conversations with clients and encourage them to consolidate their financial life in one place. They've been asking us for it, and the reason they ask us for it is, there's a couple of reasons. One is they trust us. They view us as a safe institution. Second, the more they can consolidate their financial life, the more we can help them, guide them through their financial life, provide the resources and capabilities they need to live their best financial life. They know we offer the service, the pricing, the capabilities that can't be matched, and so they proactively wanted to move. I don't think we're going to have to catalyze it. I think it will happen, but we certainly will have many conversations with clients through our financial consultants.

The last point I'd make, and you asked about the strategic importance of this. The other point I would highlight is that we have gone about this in a way where we are building our own books and records and our own custody capabilities. That is a prelude to being able to offer clients choice in how they want to hold their equities someday with the potential for some, and fixed income, some wanting to tokenize those securities. We're building optionality through this launch that allows us to support the future of tokenization should that be of interest to clients.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Daniel Fannon with Jefferies. Your line is open.

Thanks. Good morning. In terms of trading, obviously a very active quarter, but the RPT came in a lot, and understanding mix always plays a role here, but curious if there are other inputs in terms of pricing, and then also just on the digital asset offering, I was hoping you could talk about what informed your pricing strategy with the rollout of that offer.

Absolutely. Let me start with trading and then digital pricing, and I'm just jotting these down. Sorry, what was the first part on trading?

[RP]. Oh, revenue per trade.

Yeah. Let me describe how our traders are feeling. Our traders are feeling more uncertain about the geopolitics, about potentially the economy. As a result, I talked to a group of traders two weeks ago, and what they shared with me is they are taking smaller positions, holding them for less duration because they have less conviction. They are trading more frequently as a result, but because they're smaller trades, they're generating less revenue per trade. That's what sort of aligns the high level of daily average trades you're seeing with the revenue per trade that we're experiencing. In terms of crypto pricing, our crypto pricing, I believe among the major firms, we will have the lowest price for the first dollar traded. We wanted to be competitive, and at the same time, we know launching crypto is expensive.

There's risks with launching crypto. We wanted to make sure that there was a healthy fee. We think we've hit the mark in terms of having a very competitive fee while still generating attractive economics.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Devin Ryan with Citizens. Your line is open.

Thanks. Good morning, Rick and Mike. Question on prediction markets. Sounds like something you'll potentially look at. Doesn't sound like sports or gambling related are interesting. How do you see these markets evolving more broadly, particularly to areas that are maybe closer to Schwab's core, like corporate events or economic events? How significant could those areas be over time? Is there a timeline that you can share just around how you are thinking about potentially entering or signposts that we can look at for Schwab potentially entering there? Thank you.

Devin, I think you hit the nail on the head in terms of how we think about it, which is we do differentiate between financial related events and sports, politics, pop culture. At Schwab, we believe in the power of ownership and the power of compounding over time and owning equities, owning fixed income assets. Being an investor over time and having that ownership leads to higher levels of wealth. Our goal as a company is to help our clients live their best financial lives. Prediction markets that are not aligned to that are not something that we want to pursue. If you look at the stats on the success of gamblers, they're not strong and people generally lose money.

As a company that is in business to help people live their best financial lives, we have kept sports and other things off to the side. In terms of a timeline, I think this quarter was a quarter in which we accelerated our innovation at one of the fastest paces that I've ever seen with the company in terms of we launched crypto to employees. We made significant progress in AI. We opened up a new lending capability that our advisors love. We launched teen accounts, sending a really strong message to parents and teenagers about what we stand for and the way we think clients should engage in markets. We closed the deal on Forge to be able to provide private shares to our clients.

We had a significant number of launches, and when we ask clients what they're looking for, prediction markets is very low on the list. I spent time with a large group of clients a few weeks ago, and I asked every one of them, "Hey, what do you think of prediction markets?" It wasn't of tremendous interest to our clients. That said, I think at some point we likely will have prediction markets, and I also think that there will be intermediaries that bring these to market. If you look at some of the announcements by folks like CBOE and others, they're coming up. I believe Nasdaq might be also doing something.

They're coming up with binary options on different financial events and contracts that I think will act and behave very much like prediction markets, and that's something certainly we will take a hard look at, and that will be quite straightforward for us to offer. More to follow on prediction markets. It's not at the top of our clients list. We're ready to move, when and if needed, and when we do, we'll stay away from gambling.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. Thank you for the question. There's been clearly lots of turbulence in retail channel for alternative products. Schwab's been fairly committed to that as a strategy, so I was hoping to get your perspective on what you're hearing on the ground from advisors with respect to their reception to evergreen private alts in the RIA channel, but obviously also with respect to your own launch and how those products are being onboarded. Slightly separately, but within the alts category, I was hoping you could also comment on balance sheet capacity for the long-short tax advantage strategies within that. Thanks.

I'll start with alts and then Mike will talk to the balance sheet. On alts, you asked about the advisors specifically. If you look at the proportion of alternatives that our advisors have as their broader asset allocation, it's relatively small. I expect when you take a five- or 10-year view, that will grow. As we look at our platform today, we think we could do more to curate and help advisors along the way choose the right alternative investments for their clients and create a platform that is very helpful to them. In doing so, we believe there will be opportunities for us to monetize the provision of those alternatives to our advisors as that develops.

It's also critical that we make investing in alternative investments easy for our advisors, and that's something we've leaned into heavily this year and will make lots of progress on by the end of the year. Lots of opportunity there. With that, Mike, you want to talk about the long-short program?

Sure. Thank you, Rick. In terms of that long-short program, we've certainly seen that become of greater interest. It's an activity where, of course, there's a long position offset with a short. From a balance sheet perspective, there's a netting aspect to that, and then, of course, a fee that we earn on that activity. It's not a balance sheet, capital-intensive type of activity. That being said, we work closely with those fund managers. We understand the different strategies, and perhaps how those strategies evolve in different environments and making sure we have the resources on hand to, as needed, if we see some of those strategies evolve over time. We feel good about supporting the client need for that strategy, and we could continue to see some growth and will depend on how the market evolves over time.

We certainly have the resources to support it.

Operator, looks like we have time for one final question.

Thank you. Our last question comes from Ben Budish with Barclays. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning, and thanks for taking my question. Maybe just a follow-up on the earlier commentary on trading activity. Rick, I think you mentioned that traders are taking smaller positions, holding them for less duration. Just curious if there's any other color you can share, the sort of breadth of engagement. The trading mix I know can have an impact on revenue per trade. Just trying to think through how we might think about some of those KPIs into April, over the course of the rest of the year, would be helpful. Thank you.

Hi, Ben, it's Mike. Thanks for the question. Yeah, in the quarter, we did see strong engagement from clients. We did see that spike in daily average trades to that record 9.9 million. It's those types of environments where you see that volatility and high engagement, you tend to see that more weighted towards equities as opposed to derivatives, and that's what we did see. I think Rick brought in those other important factors. While weighted towards more equities, you did see smaller trade size, less shares per trade, less option contracts per trade, and I think that is an indication of the environment that we were operating in, highly volatile, but also less conviction. We'll have to see how the macro backdrop evolves over the course of the year.

You see this dynamic where you see these spikes in daily average trades, quite accretive, of course, to earnings. Having that pressure on that revenue per trade, if you perhaps see a more moderate set of volatility impacting the market, if you saw that reduction in volume of trades, you could see a little bit of a lift in that revenue per trade. Again, it's really going to be dependent on how the environment evolves. Overall, we're very happy to support the client engagement. It's been a highly accretive activity.

Okay, great. Thank you, Mike.

Thank you for your questions and engagement. We've covered a lot of ground today, but I want to leave you where we started. First, our through-client-side strategy continues to drive strong client growth and financial results. Second, we are continuing to deliver for clients and are uniquely positioned to meet client needs across investor types and market environments. Finally, we are innovating at speed, making tangible progress in helping our clients conduct more of their financial lives at Schwab so they can grow and protect their wealth over the long term. Thanks for your time today. Take care.